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DATE 2026-08-24
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SERIES / ALGORITHMS / P-083 · 算法与数据结构

算法 034:算法思想:搜索算法

深度优先搜索和广度优先搜索广泛运用于树和图中,但是它们的应用远远不止如此。图的 BFS 与 DFS 基础遍历可参考图:遍历 BFS & DFS

BFS

广度优先搜索的搜索过程有点像一层一层地进行遍历,每层遍历都以上一层遍历的结果作为起点,遍历一个距离能访问到的所有节点。需要注意的是,遍历过的节点不能再次被遍历。

第一层:
0 -> {6,2,1,5};
第二层:
6 ->
2 -> {}
1 -> {}
5 ->
第三层:
4 -> {}
3 -> {}

分层结构示意(原文图片丢失,据文字重绘):

flowchart TD
    subgraph L1["第一层"]
        0((0))
    end
    subgraph L2["第二层"]
        6((6))
        2((2))
        1((1))
        5((5))
    end
    subgraph L3["第三层"]
        4((4))
        3((3))
    end
    0 --> 6
    0 --> 2
    0 --> 1
    0 --> 5

可以看到,每一层遍历的节点都与根节点距离相同。设 di 表示第 i 个节点与根节点的距离,可以推导出一个结论:对于先遍历的节点 i 与后遍历的节点 j,有 di <= dj。利用这个结论,可以求解最短路径等最优解问题:第一次遍历到目的节点,其所经过的路径为最短路径。应该注意的是,使用 BFS 只能求解无权图的最短路径。

在程序实现 BFS 时需要考虑以下问题:

  • 队列:用来存储每一轮遍历得到的节点;
  • 标记:对于遍历过的节点,应该将它标记,防止重复遍历。

计算在网格中从原点到特定点的最短路径长度

1 表示可以经过某个位置,求解从 (0, 0) 位置到 (tr, tc) 位置的最短路径长度。

[[1,1,0,1],
 [1,0,1,0],
 [1,1,1,1],
 [1,0,1,1]]
public int minPathLength(int[][] grids, int tr, int tc) {
    final int[][] direction = {{1, 0}, {-1, 0}, {0, 1}, {0, -1}};
    final int m = grids.length, n = grids[0].length;
    Queue<Pair<Integer, Integer>> queue = new LinkedList<>();
    queue.add(new Pair<>(0, 0));
    int pathLength = 0;
    while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
        int size = queue.size();
        pathLength++;
        while (size-- > 0) {
            Pair<Integer, Integer> cur = queue.poll();
            for (int[] d : direction) {
                int nr = cur.getKey() + d[0], nc = cur.getValue() + d[1];
                Pair<Integer, Integer> next = new Pair<>(nr, nc);
                if (next.getKey() < 0 || next.getKey() >= m
                        || next.getValue() < 0 || next.getValue() >= n) {
                    continue;
                }
                grids[next.getKey()][next.getValue()] = 0; // 标记
                if (next.getKey() == tr && next.getValue() == tc) {
                    return pathLength;
                }
                queue.add(next);
            }
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

组成整数的最小平方数数量

  1. Perfect Squares (Medium)

可以将每个整数看成图中的一个节点,如果两个整数之差为一个平方数,那么这两个整数所在的节点就有一条边。

要求解最小的平方数数量,就是求解从节点 n 到节点 0 的最短路径。

本题也可以用动态规划求解,在动态规划部分会再次出现。

For example, given n = 12, return 3 because 12 = 4 + 4 + 4; given n = 13, return 2 because 13 = 4 + 9.
public int numSquares(int n) {
    List<Integer> squares = generateSquares(n);
    Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<>();
    boolean[] marked = new boolean[n + 1];
    queue.add(n);
    marked[n] = true;
    int level = 0;
    while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
        int size = queue.size();
        level++;
        while (size-- > 0) {
            int cur = queue.poll();
            for (int s : squares) {
                int next = cur - s;
                if (next < 0) {
                    break;
                }
                if (next == 0) {
                    return level;
                }
                if (marked[next]) {
                    continue;
                }
                marked[next] = true;
                queue.add(cur - s);
            }
        }
    }
    return n;
}

/**
 * 生成小于 n 的平方数序列
 * @return 1,4,9,...
 */
private List<Integer> generateSquares(int n) {
    List<Integer> squares = new ArrayList<>();
    int square = 1;
    int diff = 3;
    while (square <= n) {
        squares.add(square);
        square += diff;
        diff += 2;
    }
    return squares;
}

最短单词路径

  1. Word Ladder (Medium)

找出一条从 beginWord 到 endWord 的最短路径,每次移动规定为改变一个字符,并且改变之后的字符串必须在 wordList 中。

Input:
beginWord = "hit",
endWord = "cog",
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log","cog"]
Output: 5
Explanation: As one shortest transformation is "hit" -> "hot" -> "dot" -> "dog" -> "cog",
return its length 5.

Input:
beginWord = "hit"
endWord = "cog"
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log"]
Output: 0
Explanation: The endWord "cog" is not in wordList, therefore no possible transformation.
public int ladderLength(String beginWord, String endWord, List<String> wordList) {
    wordList.add(beginWord);
    int N = wordList.size();
    int start = N - 1;
    int end = 0;
    while (end < N && !wordList.get(end).equals(endWord)) {
        end++;
    }
    if (end == N) {
        return 0;
    }
    List<Integer>[] graphic = buildGraphic(wordList);
    return getShortestPath(graphic, start, end);
}

private List<Integer>[] buildGraphic(List<String> wordList) {
    int N = wordList.size();
    List<Integer>[] graphic = new List[N];
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        graphic[i] = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
            if (isConnect(wordList.get(i), wordList.get(j))) {
                graphic[i].add(j);
            }
        }
    }
    return graphic;
}

private boolean isConnect(String s1, String s2) {
    int diffCnt = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < s1.length() && diffCnt <= 1; i++) {
        if (s1.charAt(i) != s2.charAt(i)) {
            diffCnt++;
        }
    }
    return diffCnt == 1;
}

private int getShortestPath(List<Integer>[] graphic, int start, int end) {
    Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<>();
    boolean[] marked = new boolean[graphic.length];
    queue.add(start);
    marked[start] = true;
    int path = 1;
    while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
        int size = queue.size();
        path++;
        while (size-- > 0) {
            int cur = queue.poll();
            for (int next : graphic[cur]) {
                if (next == end) {
                    return path;
                }
                if (marked[next]) {
                    continue;
                }
                marked[next] = true;
                queue.add(next);
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

DFS

广度优先搜索一层一层遍历,每一层得到的所有新节点,要用队列存储起来以备下一层遍历的时候再遍历。而深度优先搜索在得到一个新节点时立马对新节点进行遍历:从节点 0 出发开始遍历,得到新节点 6 时,立马对新节点 6 进行遍历,得到新节点 4;如此反复以这种方式遍历新节点,直到没有新节点了,此时返回。返回到根节点 0 的情况是,继续对根节点 0 进行遍历,得到新节点 2,然后继续以上步骤。

从一个节点出发,使用 DFS 对一个图进行遍历时,能够遍历到的节点都是从初始节点可达的,DFS 常用来求解这种可达性问题。

在程序实现 DFS 时需要考虑以下问题:

  • 栈:用栈来保存当前节点信息,当遍历新节点返回时能够继续遍历当前节点。可以使用递归栈;
  • 标记:和 BFS 一样同样需要对已经遍历过的节点进行标记。

查找最大的连通面积

  1. Max Area of Island (Easy)
private int m, n;
private int[][] direction = {{0, 1}, {0, -1}, {1, 0}, {-1, 0}};

public int maxAreaOfIsland(int[][] grid) {
    if (grid == null || grid.length == 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    m = grid.length;
    n = grid[0].length;
    int maxArea = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            maxArea = Math.max(maxArea, dfs(grid, i, j));
        }
    }
    return maxArea;
}

private int dfs(int[][] grid, int r, int c) {
    if (r < 0 || r >= m || c < 0 || c >= n || grid[r][c] == 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    grid[r][c] = 0;
    int area = 1;
    for (int[] d : direction) {
        area += dfs(grid, r + d[0], c + d[1]);
    }
    return area;
}

矩阵中的连通分量数目

  1. Number of Islands (Medium)

可以将矩阵表示看成一张有向图。

Input:
11000
11000
00100
00011

Output: 3
private int m, n;
private int[][] direction = {{0, 1}, {0, -1}, {1, 0}, {-1, 0}};

public int numIslands(char[][] grid) {
    if (grid == null || grid.length == 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    m = grid.length;
    n = grid[0].length;
    int islandsNum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            if (grid[i][j] != '0') {
                dfs(grid, i, j);
                islandsNum++;
            }
        }
    }
    return islandsNum;
}

private void dfs(char[][] grid, int i, int j) {
    if (i < 0 || i >= m || j < 0 || j >= n || grid[i][j] == '0') {
        return;
    }
    grid[i][j] = '0';
    for (int[] d : direction) {
        dfs(grid, i + d[0], j + d[1]);
    }
}

好友关系的连通分量数目

  1. Friend Circles (Medium)

好友关系可以看成是一个无向图,例如第 0 个人与第 1 个人是好友,那么 M[0][1] 和 M[1][0] 的值都为 1。

Input:
[[1,1,0],
 [1,1,0],
 [0,0,1]]
Output: 2
Explanation:The 0th and 1st students are direct friends, so they are in a friend circle.
The 2nd student himself is in a friend circle. So return 2.
private int n;

public int findCircleNum(int[][] M) {
    n = M.length;
    int circleNum = 0;
    boolean[] hasVisited = new boolean[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if (!hasVisited[i]) {
            dfs(M, i, hasVisited);
            circleNum++;
        }
    }
    return circleNum;
}

private void dfs(int[][] M, int i, boolean[] hasVisited) {
    hasVisited[i] = true;
    for (int k = 0; k < n; k++) {
        if (M[i][k] == 1 && !hasVisited[k]) {
            dfs(M, k, hasVisited);
        }
    }
}

填充封闭区域

  1. Surrounded Regions (Medium)

使被 ‘X’ 包围的 ‘O’ 转换为 ‘X’。先填充最外侧,剩下的就是里侧了。

For example,
X X X X
X O O X
X X O X
X O X X

After running your function, the board should be:
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X O X X
private int[][] direction = {{0, 1}, {0, -1}, {1, 0}, {-1, 0}};
private int m, n;

public void solve(char[][] board) {
    if (board == null || board.length == 0) {
        return;
    }
    m = board.length;
    n = board[0].length;
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        dfs(board, i, 0);
        dfs(board, i, n - 1);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        dfs(board, 0, i);
        dfs(board, m - 1, i);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            if (board[i][j] == 'T') {
                board[i][j] = 'O';
            } else if (board[i][j] == 'O') {
                board[i][j] = 'X';
            }
        }
    }
}

private void dfs(char[][] board, int r, int c) {
    if (r < 0 || r >= m || c < 0 || c >= n || board[r][c] != 'O') {
        return;
    }
    board[r][c] = 'T';
    for (int[] d : direction) {
        dfs(board, r + d[0], c + d[1]);
    }
}

能到达的太平洋和大西洋的区域

  1. Pacific Atlantic Water Flow (Medium)

左边和上边是太平洋,右边和下边是大西洋,内部的数字代表海拔,海拔高的地方的水能够流到低的地方,求解水能够流到太平洋和大西洋的所有位置。

Given the following 5x5 matrix:
Pacific ~   ~   ~   ~   ~
~       1   2   2   3   (5) *
~       3   2   3   (4) (4) *
~       2   4   (5) 3   1   *
~       (6) (7) 1   4   5   *
~       (5) 1   1   2   4   *
*       *   *   *   *   Atlantic

Return:
[[0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 2], [3, 0], [3, 1], [4, 0]] (positions with parentheses in the above matrix)
private int m, n;
private int[][] matrix;
private int[][] direction = {{0, 1}, {0, -1}, {1, 0}, {-1, 0}};

public List<int[]> pacificAtlantic(int[][] matrix) {
    List<int[]> ret = new ArrayList<>();
    if (matrix == null || matrix.length == 0) {
        return ret;
    }
    m = matrix.length;
    n = matrix[0].length;
    this.matrix = matrix;
    boolean[][] canReachP = new boolean[m][n];
    boolean[][] canReachA = new boolean[m][n];
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        dfs(i, 0, canReachP);
        dfs(i, n - 1, canReachA);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        dfs(0, i, canReachP);
        dfs(m - 1, i, canReachA);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            if (canReachP[i][j] && canReachA[i][j]) {
                ret.add(new int[]{i, j});
            }
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

private void dfs(int r, int c, boolean[][] canReach) {
    if (canReach[r][c]) {
        return;
    }
    canReach[r][c] = true;
    for (int[] d : direction) {
        int nextR = d[0] + r;
        int nextC = d[1] + c;
        if (nextR < 0 || nextR >= m || nextC < 0 || nextC >= n
                || matrix[r][c] > matrix[nextR][nextC]) {
            continue;
        }
        dfs(nextR, nextC, canReach);
    }
}

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